$299Precedent Set · one-time · Excel, JSON, PowerPoint, Word, PDF

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CompanyFork dateThe forkOptionsChoiceStated rationaleWhat happenedJudgment analystSources
23andMe
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2023-07How to renew the GSK relationship when the exclusive discovery term ended
  • Re-sign exclusive partnership Renew the joint discovery deal with shared drug upside
  • Accept non-exclusive license Take a flat annual data-licensing fee with GSK owning discoveries
Accept non-exclusive licenseThe exclusive term ended and GSK would not renew on the old terms; the deal became a flat non-exclusive license1 year · 2025-03-23
bankruptcy: 23andMe and 11 affiliated debtors filed voluntary Chapter 11
reversibility low
verdict held
23andMe Holding Co. / SEC EDGAR (2024-02); 23andMe Media Center (2023-10); GSK (GlaxoSmithKline) (2018-07); 23andMe Holding Co. / SEC EDGAR (via PublicNow summary of Form 10-K) (2025); U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of Missouri / Kroll Restructuring Administration (2025-03)
Alphabet (Google)
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verified
2024-05How to respond to AI answer engines threatening search: absorb AI into Google Search and monetize it, or treat chatbots as the primary threat
  • Absorb AI into Search Ship AI Overviews atop results and place ads inside them
  • Defend against chatbots Treat ChatGPT/Perplexity as the primary competitive threat
Absorb AI into SearchGoogle controls distribution and can place an answer before over a billion users the day it ships, so a better answer is a feature it can add rather than a moat a startup can crossLatest · 2024-10
AI Overviews reach: expanded to more than 100 countries and over a billion monthly users
reversibility medium
verdict held
Google / blog.google (2024-05); Google / blog.google (2024-10); Alphabet Inc. / SEC EDGAR (2025-02); SQ Magazine (citing BrightEdge and Seer Interactive studies) (2026-05)
Amazon Alexa / Echo
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verified
2014-11-06Whether to sell the Echo cheaply as a loss leader and recoup profit through downstream voice shopping
  • Razor-and-blades loss leader Sell Echo cheap and recoup via downstream voice shopping
  • Price device for profit Charge enough for hardware to make money directly
Razor-and-blades loss leaderPut a microphone in every home so people would reorder products with their voice and Amazon would collect5 years · 2025-02
business model change: Amazon launched Alexa+ at $19.99 a month then made it free for every Prime member, retiring the razor-and-blades model
reversibility medium
verdict reversed
CNBC / Wikipedia (Amazon Echo) / Fast Company (2014-11); The Wall Street Journal / PopSci / PyMNTS (2024-07); Fortune / Business Insider / Bank of America (via Fortune) (2024-06); Amazon.com, Inc. (2025-02)
American Express
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verified
2014Whether to keep the closed loop end-to-end or franchise the small-merchant and international ends to third parties while keeping the data and cardmember
  • Keep pure closed loop Own acquiring, onboarding, and risk at every merchant end-to-end
  • Franchise the long tail Let processors and partners run acquiring while Amex keeps data and cardmember
Franchise the long tailThe moat was the spend data and captive premium cardmember, not end-to-end control; losing the acquiring relationship costs far less than losing the spend5 years · 2024
total revenues and net income: $65.9 billion in total revenues net of interest expense and $10.1 billion in net income
reversibility low
verdict held
Multiple processor trade sources (Arrow Payments, Payment Depot, LinkedIn) (2021); BAMS (merchant processor trade publication) (2026-04); American Express Co (AXP) (2016); American Express Co (AXP) (2025-02); Payments Dive (2025-01); American Express Company Investor Relations (2025-01)
American Express
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verified
1958Whether to compete on cheap ubiquity or set a premium fee to signal exclusivity
  • Price below to win market Undercut Diners Club to gain share on price
  • Price above as signal Set fee $1 higher to signal premium positioning
Price above as signalTo signal premium positioning — be expensive and exclusive rather than cheap and everywhere5 years · 2024
total revenue and net income: FY2024 record revenues of $65.9 billion and net income of $10.1 billion
reversibility low
verdict held
Wikipedia / History.com (corroborating) (2025); American Express Company Investor Relations (2025-01); American Express Company / SEC EDGAR (2025)

What is in the set

ExcelSortable records, outcomes and sources
JSONDrop it into your AI workspace
PowerPointOne record per slide, action titles, source lines
WordEditable, with the source appendix
PDFThe reading copy
  • Fork date at the precision the record supports, never sharper.
  • The fork, the options, the choice in the form the company faced them.
  • Stated rationale as the company gave it or the record documents it, not our theory.
  • Capital committed where the record states it; blank where it does not.
  • Outcomes at one, three and five years or latest, each dated and cited.
  • Reversibility and verdict as analyst judgments, marked as such.
  • Every source, with dates and links, per record and in an appendix.

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