$299Precedent Set · one-time · Excel, JSON, PowerPoint, Word, PDF

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CompanyFork dateThe forkOptionsChoiceStated rationaleWhat happenedJudgment analystSources
Amazon
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2007-11-19How to price the Kindle hardware relative to the bookstore
  • Premium device price Sell the e-reader at a high gadget price near break-even
  • Below-cost loss leader Price hardware below cost to lock in content buyers
  • Free apps on other phones Give away Kindle apps so no device sale is needed
Premium device priceAmazon aimed to make money on content used, not on the device bought, treating the hardware as break-even5 years · 2025
share of e-readers sold globally: about 70% of e-readers sold globally carry the Kindle name
reversibility medium
verdict held
Amazon.com Press Center (2007-11); The Bookseller (2012-10); EE Times / IHS iSuppli Teardown Analysis Service (2011-11); Good e-Reader (2025-01)
Amazon
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2014Whether to sell Echo hardware below cost to drive voice-commerce adoption
  • Sell hardware below cost Subsidize Echo devices to win voice-driven commerce later
  • Price hardware at profit Sell Echo at a margin without betting on voice commerce
Sell hardware below costGive people a microphone in the kitchen and they'll shop by voice, making money when people use devices not when they buy them5 years · 2022-11
layoffs: roughly 10,000 jobs cut with devices among hardest hit
reversibility low
verdict partial
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission / Amazon.com, Inc. (2013-04); Strata-gee / Nikkei teardown analysis (2022-08); U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission / Amazon.com, Inc. (2017); Tom's Guide (2024-07); Yahoo Finance / AP (2024-08)
Charles Schwab
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2019-10-01Whether to eliminate online trading commissions to weaken a commission-dependent rival
  • Cut commissions to zero Retire the fee that costs Schwab little but rivals much
  • Keep charging commissions Maintain the per-trade fee and risk losing customers to free competitors
Cut commissions to zeroCommissions were a small share of Schwab's revenue but a large share of its rival's, so the cut inflicted asymmetric damage while gathering assetsLatest · 2019-11-24
Acquisition of rival: Schwab signed an agreement to acquire TD Ameritrade for roughly $26 billion in stock
reversibility low
verdict held
Charles Schwab Corporation (pressroom.aboutschwab.com) (2019-10); CNBC (2019-10); NPR (2019-10); CNBC (2019-11); U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission / TD Ameritrade Holding Corporation (2020); U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission / TD Ameritrade Holding Corporation (2020-10)
Epic Games
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2020-08-13Whether to deliberately trigger Fortnite's removal from iOS to challenge Apple's 30% commission through litigation
  • Provoke removal and sue Bypass Apple's payments to trigger removal and a planned lawsuit
  • Comply with Apple's rules Keep Fortnite on iOS and pay the 30% commission
Provoke removal and sueEpic sacrificed its smallest revenue platform to attack the principle of the 30% platform commission charged everywhere5 years · 2026-05
Supreme Court action: Justice Kagan declined to pause the contempt order while Apple appealed
reversibility low
verdict partial
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (2021-09); PC Gamer (2020-08); MobileSyrup / 9to5Mac (reporting on trial exhibits) (2021-04); Lexology (Frankfurt Kurnit Klein & Selz) (2025-05); Courthouse News Service (reporting on Ninth Circuit ruling) (2025-12); SCOTUSblog (2026-05)
Epic Games
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2018-12Whether to buy users with free games and a low take rate to build a store against Steam
  • Subsidize with free games Undercut Steam and give away premium games weekly to acquire users
  • Match Steam's model Compete on standard take rate without heavy giveaways
Subsidize with free gamesBuild scale now and monetize later by luring users with cheap economics and free games into paid transactions5 years · 2023-11
Store profitability: store still not profitable, growth remained the primary goal
reversibility low
verdict held
Wikipedia / Epic Games Store article (citing primary Epic announcements) (2024); Game Developer (via Tim Sweeney Twitter/X statements, December 2018) (2018-12); Game Developer / Epic Games 2024 Year in Review (primary underlying source) (2025); Windows Central / Epic Games 2024 Year in Review (primary underlying data) (2026-01); Epic Games Inc. v. Google LLC, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, Case No. 3:20-cv-05671-JD — trial testimony reported by The Verge and Kotaku (2023-11)

What is in the set

ExcelSortable records, outcomes and sources
JSONDrop it into your AI workspace
PowerPointOne record per slide, action titles, source lines
WordEditable, with the source appendix
PDFThe reading copy
  • Fork date at the precision the record supports, never sharper.
  • The fork, the options, the choice in the form the company faced them.
  • Stated rationale as the company gave it or the record documents it, not our theory.
  • Capital committed where the record states it; blank where it does not.
  • Outcomes at one, three and five years or latest, each dated and cited.
  • Reversibility and verdict as analyst judgments, marked as such.
  • Every source, with dates and links, per record and in an appendix.

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